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1 Craufurd, Henry William
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]fl. 1830s[br]English patentee of the process of coating iron with zinc (galvanized iron).[br]Although described as Commander of the Royal Navy, other personal details of Craufurd appear to be little known. His process for coating sheet iron with a protective layer of zinc, conveyed as a communication from abroad, was granted a patent in 1837. The details closely resembled, indeed are believed to have been based upon, those developed and patented in France in 1836 by Sorel, who had worked in collaboration with Ledru. There had been French interest in substituting zinc for tin as a coating for iron from 1742 with work by Malouin. Zinc-coated iron saucepans were produced in Rouen in the 1780s, but the work was later abandoned. Craufurd's patent directed that iron objects should be dipped into molten zinc, protected from volatilization by a layer of sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride, NH4Cl which also served as a flux. The quite misleading term "galvanizing" had already been introduced by Sorel for his process. Later its pro-tective properties were discovered to depend for effectiveness on the formation of a thin layer of zinc-iron alloy between the iron sheet and its zinc coating. Craufurd's patent was infringed in England soon after being granted, and was followed by several improvements, particularly those of Edmund Morewood, collaborating with George Rogers in five patents, of which four referred to methods of corrugation. The resulting production of zinc-coated iron implements, together with corrugated iron sheeting quickly adopted for building purposes, developed into an important industry of the West Midlands, Bristol, London and other parts of Britain.[br]Bibliography1837, British patent no. 7,355 (coating sheet iron with zinc).Further ReadingH.W.Dickinson, 1943–4, "A study of galvanised and corrugated sheet metal", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24:27–36 (the best and most concise account).JDBiographical history of technology > Craufurd, Henry William
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2 Metallurgy
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3 Malouin, Paul-Jacques
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 29 June 1701 Caen, Franced. 3 January 1778 Versailles, France[br]French medical practitioner who suggested producing tin plate with zinc.[br]Setting out to study law, Malouin turned to scientific studies, settling in Paris to teach and practice medicine. He retained his scientific interest in the field of chemistry, producing memoirs on zinc and tin, and. as early as 1742 suggested that a type of tin plate might instead be produced with zinc. A method of zinc-coating hammered-iron saucepans was introduced briefly at Rouen in the early 1780s.His contribution to early volumes of Diderot's Encyclopédie included those on "Alchemy", "Antimony", "Acid" and "Alkali". Malouin also applied his scientific knowledge to articles on milling and baking for the Academy in Descriptions des arts et métiers.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsElected to Academy 1742. FRS 1753.Further ReadingDumas, 1831, Treatise de chimie appliqué aux arts 3, 218.J.R.Partington, 1961, A History of Chemistry, Vol. III (refers to Malouin's work in chemistry).John Percy, 1864, Metallurgy: Iron and Steel, London: John Murray, 155 (provides brief references to his theories on zinc coatings).See also: Craufurd, Henry WilliamJD
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